RESEARCH PAPER
Predictors of anemia among a cohort of people living with HIV on anti-retroviral therapy in a southern state of India
Submission date: 2018-02-06
Final revision date: 2018-02-24
Acceptance date: 2018-02-25
Publication date: 2018-05-21
HIV & AIDS Review 2018;17(2):122-127
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Anemia is the most prevalent hematological complication among people living with HIV (PLHIV), and its presence can affect the disease progression and mortality. This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of anemia and the factors predicting it in PLHIV on anti-retroviral therapy (ART).
Material and methods:
In this study, 228 PLHIV who were enrolled for ART in the study period of 3 years from 2012 (February) to 2015 (February) were selected and the data from their records were used for analysis. Factors predicting anemia in PLHIV were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
Results:
The prevalence of anemia in our study was found to be 62.2% (n = 142). The mean hemoglobin among PLHIV was 11.8 g/dl. Age below 45 years, female gender, low body mass index (BMI), smoking, consumption of alcohol, stage 3 or 4 HIV, presence of opportunistic infections, low CD4 count and low total leukocyte count were the factors found to be associated with anemia among PLHIV. On multivariate analysis, low BMI, low CD4 count and low total leukocyte count were the factors significantly predicting anemia among PLHIV.
Conclusions:
Anemia is a common complication seen among PLHIV. Low CD4 count, low total leukocyte count and undernutrition significantly predict anemia among PLHIV.
Anemia is the most prevalent hematological complication among people living with HIV (PLHIV), and its presence can affect the disease progression and mortality. This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of anemia and the factors predicting it in PLHIV on anti-retroviral therapy (ART).
Material and methods:
In this study, 228 PLHIV who were enrolled for ART in the study period of 3 years from 2012 (February) to 2015 (February) were selected and the data from their records were used for analysis. Factors predicting anemia in PLHIV were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
Results:
The prevalence of anemia in our study was found to be 62.2% (n = 142). The mean hemoglobin among PLHIV was 11.8 g/dl. Age below 45 years, female gender, low body mass index (BMI), smoking, consumption of alcohol, stage 3 or 4 HIV, presence of opportunistic infections, low CD4 count and low total leukocyte count were the factors found to be associated with anemia among PLHIV. On multivariate analysis, low BMI, low CD4 count and low total leukocyte count were the factors significantly predicting anemia among PLHIV.
Conclusions:
Anemia is a common complication seen among PLHIV. Low CD4 count, low total leukocyte count and undernutrition significantly predict anemia among PLHIV.
REFERENCES (20)
1.
HIV Overview. HIV/AIDS: The Basics. Available at: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/under... (Accessed: 30 December 2017).
2.
National AIDS Control Organization. NACO Annual report 2016-17. Available at: http://naco.gov.in/sites/defau... (Accessed: 30 December 2017).
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Factsheet in India. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealt... (Accessed: 2014).
4.
World health organization. Hemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity. Available at: http://www.who.int/vmnis/indic... (Accessed: 30 December 2017).
5.
Claster S. Biology of anemia, differential diagnosis, and treatment options in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2002; 185 Suppl 2: S105-109.
6.
Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Chu SY, et al. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of HIV disease surveillance project. Blood 1998; 91: 301-308.
7.
Denue BA, Kida IM, Hammagabdo A, et al. Prevalence of Anemia and Immunological Markers in HIV-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Northeastern Nigeria. Infect Dis (Auckl) 2013; 6: 25-33.
8.
Mugisha JO, Shafer LA, Van der Paal L, et al. Anaemia in a rural Ugandan HIV cohort: prevalence at enrolment, incidence, diagnosis and associated factors. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13: 788-794.
9.
Subbaraman R, Devaleenal B, Selvamuthu P, et al. Factors associated with anaemia in HIV infected individuals in southern India. Int J STD AIDS 2009; 20: 489-492.
10.
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Barton SE, et al. Anaemia is an independent predictive marker for clinical prognosis in HIV-infected patients from across Europe. EuroSIDA study group. AIDS 1999; 13: 943-950.
11.
Masaisa F, Gahutu JB, Mukiibi J, et al. Anemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected women in Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84: 456-460.
12.
Semba RD, Martin BK, Kempen JH, et al. The impact of anemia on energy and physical functioning in individuals with AIDS. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2229-2236.
13.
O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, et al. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40: 219-225.
14.
Van der Werf MJ, van Benthem BH, van Ameijden EJ. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of anaemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug users. Addiction 2000; 95: 383-392.
15.
Mildvan D, Creagh T, Leitz G; Anemia Prevalence Study Group. Prevalence of anemia and correlation with biomarkers and specific antiretroviral regimens in 9690 human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected patients: findings of the Anemia Prevalence Study. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 343-355.
16.
Berhane K, Karim R, Cohen MH, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on anemia and relationship between anemia and survival in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women’s Interagency HIV Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37: 1245-1252.
17.
Levine AM, Berhane K, Masri-Lavine L, et al. Prevalence and correlates of anemia in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women’s Interagency HIV Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26: 28-35.
18.
Santiago-Rodríguez EJ, Mayor AM, Fernández-Santos DM, et al. Anemia in a cohort of HIV-infected Hispanics: prevalence, associated factors and impact on one-year mortality. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 439.
19.
Kumar N, Aithal S, Unnikrishnan B, et al. Predictors of mortality among a cohort of HIV/AIDS patients on anti-retroviral therapy in coastal South India. HIV AIDS Rev 2017; 16: 18-23.
20.
Gunda DW, Godfrey KG, Kilonzo SB, Mpondo BC. Cytopenias among ART-naive patients with advanced HIV disease on enrolment to care and treatment services at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Malawi Med J 2017; 29: 43-52.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1732-2707 |
| ISSN: | 1730-1270 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
