As a multi-faceted phenomenon, prostitution is influenced by various factors, including gender, social norms, and legal frameworks. Prostitution is criminalized, and this legal framework has been associated with adverse outcomes for sex workers, such as violence, stigma, and limited access to essential healthcare services, especially those related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and treatment. This study explored how criminalization exacerbates vulnerabilities by creating a hostile environment for sex workers, constraining their ability to negotiate safer working conditions, and increasing the risks of HIV transmission. It supported transitioning from punitive measures to a more humane approach that respects their rights. This research suggested that decriminalization, educational empowerment, harm reduction strategies, and better healthcare access, are essential parts for improving the welfare and reducing the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, it discussed how deep-seated societal stigma and cultural taboos create discriminatory barriers, which hinder access to important preventive programs. By analyzing global best practices and the impact of Indonesia’s legal and health frameworks, the study emphasized the requirement for comprehensive policy reforms, priori­tizing the health, safety, and human rights of sex workers. In conclusion, community-based non-punitive policies, which decriminalize sex work must be implemented to effectively combat the HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and improve health outcomes as sex worker-friendly health services. This approach, coupled with a shift in societal attitudes toward sexual health and human rights, will contribute to better health outcomes and a reduction in HIV transmission among high-risk groups.