REVIEW PAPER
Human immunodeficiency virus and Candida albicans co-infection in Iran: a systematic review
1
Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
3
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
4
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
5
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
6
Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7
Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
8
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Submission date: 2022-01-26
Final revision date: 2022-02-22
Acceptance date: 2022-02-23
Publication date: 2023-09-15
HIV & AIDS Review 2023;22(3):181-188
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Candidiasis is one of serious problems in immunosuppressed patients, including HIV patients. Candida albicans is a fungi causing different humans diseases. Immunosuppression is a hallmark of HIV infection, and its’ deficiency can introduce complications through impairment of immune cells, such as CD4+ lymphocytes.
The aim of the current review was to investigate the importance of candidiasis co-infection in HIV Iranian patients. In addition, it focused on prognosis, prevention, and management of candidiasis since this infection could have a large scale of mortality in people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA).
For the current systematic review, multiple electronic bibliographic databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases from 1 January 2011 until 24 February 2020.
Majority of articles (n = 11) investigated oral and oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) with a prevalence range of 16.5% to 43.82% in HIV-positive patients. Apart from oral candidiasis, one reference also evaluated vagina, nail, and skin candidiasis. C. albicans isolates were the most prevalent species, with a 34.42%, 52.2%, and 82.2% frequency rate in three studies, while in other papers, there was a fluctua¬tion in C. albicans prevalence.
Candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Due to high prevalence rate of oropharyngeal candidiasis, routine screening of HIV patients is recommended. Since CD4+ T cells count decreased in HIV patients, periodic examinations are necessary. Fluconazole is most commonly used azole to treat Candida due to its mechanism; however, anti-fungal prophylaxis needs more investigation to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with mucosal candidiasis.
The aim of the current review was to investigate the importance of candidiasis co-infection in HIV Iranian patients. In addition, it focused on prognosis, prevention, and management of candidiasis since this infection could have a large scale of mortality in people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA).
For the current systematic review, multiple electronic bibliographic databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases from 1 January 2011 until 24 February 2020.
Majority of articles (n = 11) investigated oral and oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) with a prevalence range of 16.5% to 43.82% in HIV-positive patients. Apart from oral candidiasis, one reference also evaluated vagina, nail, and skin candidiasis. C. albicans isolates were the most prevalent species, with a 34.42%, 52.2%, and 82.2% frequency rate in three studies, while in other papers, there was a fluctua¬tion in C. albicans prevalence.
Candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Due to high prevalence rate of oropharyngeal candidiasis, routine screening of HIV patients is recommended. Since CD4+ T cells count decreased in HIV patients, periodic examinations are necessary. Fluconazole is most commonly used azole to treat Candida due to its mechanism; however, anti-fungal prophylaxis needs more investigation to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with mucosal candidiasis.
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