RESEARCH PAPER
Genotypic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolated in Bali, Indonesia in 2016
Submission date: 2017-07-19
Final revision date: 2017-11-21
Acceptance date: 2018-01-11
Publication date: 2018-05-21
HIV & AIDS Review 2018;17(2):81-90
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Bali is a famous tourism destination in Indonesia, and many international travelers from several foreign countries visit Bali. A large number of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infections was found; however, the genotypes of HIV-1 strains circulating in Bali has not yet been elucidated in detail. In addition, the information on HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in Bali is limited.
Material and methods:
HIV-1 pol gene encoding 31 proteases (PR gene) and 37 reverse transcriptase (RT gene) as well as 47 gag and 33 env genes were successfully amplified from DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples of 51 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and 7 ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals residing in Gianyar and Denpasar, Bali. Genotyping analyses were then performed. The assessment of drug resistance mutations was based on the guidelines published by the International Antiviral Society-United States of America (IAS-USA).
Results:
The major HIV-1 subtype detected in this study was CRF01_AE (94.5%). Recombinant viruses containing CRF01_AE and subtype B genes (5.5%) were also detected. Drug resistance-associated major mutations were detected in 8/31 (25.8%) of RT genes but not in PR genes in integrated proviral DNA derived from ART-experienced individuals. However, drug resistance-associated minor mutations were frequently detected in PR genes derived from most samples.
Conclusions:
This study revealed that CRF01_AE was the predominant HIV-1 subtype in Bali, Indonesia. In addition, the emergence of drug resistance mutations was evident in proviral DNA derived from ART-experienced individuals, indicating that continuous surveillance is needed in order to monitor the emergence of HIVDR and new viral subtypes in Indonesia.
Bali is a famous tourism destination in Indonesia, and many international travelers from several foreign countries visit Bali. A large number of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infections was found; however, the genotypes of HIV-1 strains circulating in Bali has not yet been elucidated in detail. In addition, the information on HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in Bali is limited.
Material and methods:
HIV-1 pol gene encoding 31 proteases (PR gene) and 37 reverse transcriptase (RT gene) as well as 47 gag and 33 env genes were successfully amplified from DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples of 51 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and 7 ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals residing in Gianyar and Denpasar, Bali. Genotyping analyses were then performed. The assessment of drug resistance mutations was based on the guidelines published by the International Antiviral Society-United States of America (IAS-USA).
Results:
The major HIV-1 subtype detected in this study was CRF01_AE (94.5%). Recombinant viruses containing CRF01_AE and subtype B genes (5.5%) were also detected. Drug resistance-associated major mutations were detected in 8/31 (25.8%) of RT genes but not in PR genes in integrated proviral DNA derived from ART-experienced individuals. However, drug resistance-associated minor mutations were frequently detected in PR genes derived from most samples.
Conclusions:
This study revealed that CRF01_AE was the predominant HIV-1 subtype in Bali, Indonesia. In addition, the emergence of drug resistance mutations was evident in proviral DNA derived from ART-experienced individuals, indicating that continuous surveillance is needed in order to monitor the emergence of HIVDR and new viral subtypes in Indonesia.
REFERENCES (31)
1.
Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype distribution in the worldwide epidemic: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. J Virol 2007; 81: 10209-10219.
2.
Van HF, Li Y, Neel C, et al. Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorilla. Nature 2006; 444: 164.
3.
Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, et al. The origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356: 867-876.
4.
Leitner T, Korber B, Daniels M, et al. HIV-1 subtype and circulating recombinant form (CRF) reference sequences, 2005. Access on 8 June 2017. Available at: https://www.hiv.lanl.gov/conte....
5.
Abecasis AB, Wensing AM, Paraskevis D, et al. HIV-1 subtype distribution And its demographic determinants in newly diagnosed patients in Europe suggest highly compartmentalized epidemics. Retrovirology 2013; 10: 7.
6.
Li Y, Uenishi R, Hase S, et al. Explosive HIV-1 subtype B’ epidemics in Asia driven by geographic and risk group founder events. Virology 2010; 402: 223-227.
7.
Wilkinson E, Engelbrecht S, de Oliveira T. History and origin of the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in South Africa and the greater south African region. Scientific Report 2015; 5: 16897.
8.
Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, Osmanov S. Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004. AIDS 2006; 20: W13-23.
9.
Kotaki T, Khairunisa SQ, Sukartiningrum SD, et al. High prevalence of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses among female commercial sex workers residing in Surabaya, Indonesia. PLoS One 2013; 8: e82645.
10.
Oyomopito RA, Chen YJ, Sungkanuparph S, et al. Risk group characteristics and viral transmission cluster in South-East Asian patients infected with HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE and subtype B. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015; 31: 445-453.
11.
Witaningrum AM, Kotaki T, Khairunisa SQ, et al. Genotypic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 derived from antiretroviral therapy-naive individuals residing in Sorong, West Papua. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32: 812-817.
12.
Sahbandar IN, Takahashi K, Djoerban Z, et al. Current HIV type 1 molecular epidemiology profile and identification of unique recombinant forms in Jakarta, Indonesia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25: 637-646.
13.
Sahbandar IN, Takahashi K, Motomura K, et al. The Indonesian Variants of CRF33_01B: Near-Full Length Sequence Analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27: 97-102.
14.
Taylor BS, Sobieszczyk ME, McCutchan FE, Hammer SM. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1590-1602.
15.
Indonesian National AIDS Commission. Republic of Indonesia Country Report on the follow up to the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS), Reporting Period 2010–2011. Accessed on 9 June 2017. Available at http://files.unaids.org/en/dat....
16.
Fibriani A, Wisaksana R, Indriati A, et al. Virological failure and drug resistance during first line anti-retroviral treatment in Indonesia. J Med Virol 2013; 85: 1394-1401.
17.
Khairunisa SQ, Kotaki T, Witaningrum AM, et al. Appearance of drug resistance-associated mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase derived from drug-treated Indonesian patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 31: 255-259.
18.
Kotaki T, Khairunisa SQ, Sukartiningrum SD, et al. Detection of drug resistance-associated mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase derived from drug-naive individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30: 489-492.
19.
Kotaki T, Khairunisa SQ, Witaningrum AM, et al. HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations among antiretroviral therapy-naive individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12: 5.
20.
Adnyani S, Sawitri AAS, Wulandari L, et al. Factors associated with zidovudine substitution in HIV/AIDS patients attending Badung Hospital, Bali, Indonesia between 2006-2014. Intern J Res Med Sci 2016; 4: 5028-5033.
21.
Masyeni S, Utama S, Somia A, Merati TP. Factors influencing bone mineral density in ARV-naive HIV infected patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali. Acta Med Indones 2013; 45: 175-179.
22.
Wensing AM, Calvez V, Gunthard HF, et al. 2017 update of drug resistance in HIV-1 infection. Top Antivir Med 2017; 24: 132-133.
23.
Roselinda, Jekti RP. Genotype and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in seven provinces in Indonesia. Health Sci Indones 2012; 3: 27-31.
24.
Ismail YS, Soetjipto S, Wasito EB, Nasronudin. HIV genotype analysis from HIV infected patients in East Java area. Journal Natural 2012; 12: 23-29.
25.
Chook JB, Ong LY, Takebe Y, et al. Molecular detection of HIV-1 subtype B, CRF01_AE, CRF33_01B and newly emerging recombinant lineages in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92: 507-512.
26.
Malim MH, Emerman M. HIV-1 sequence variation: drift, shift, and attenuation. Cell 2001; 104: 469-472.
27.
Sides TL, Akinsete O, Henry K, et al. HIV-1 subtype diversity in Minnesota. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 37-45.
28.
Derache A, Shin H, Balamane M, et al. HIV drug resistance mutations in proviral DNA from a community treatment program. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0117430.
29.
Mohamad S, Deris ZZ, Yusof NK, et al. Assessing subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 infected children who failed antiretroviral therapy in Kelantan, Malaysia. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16: 284-288.
30.
Weng YW, Tsai H, Lee SS, et al. Prevalence and associated factors for HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in voluntary clients for counseling and testing in Southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2016; 49: 487-493.
31.
Celen MK, Sayan M, Dal T, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 strains in the south-east and east of Turkey. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 5: 773-777.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1732-2707 |
| ISSN: | 1730-1270 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
