RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of fatty acid content in the diet on lipid profile in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs
Submission date: 2018-06-27
Final revision date: 2018-12-04
Acceptance date: 2018-12-05
Publication date: 2019-03-15
HIV & AIDS Review 2019;18(1):25-32
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Metabolic syndrome has become an important issue affecting the long-term prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in the context of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to determine whether the amount and quality of dietary fats consumed had an effect on total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), the glycemic load had an effect on TG concentration, and quality of consumed fats had an impact on cardiovascular risk.
Material and methods:
80 HIV(+) patients treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were involved in the study. Information on the diet and eating habits was collected by 24-hour dietary recall and a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The analysis of nutritional value of the diet was made using the Food Processor diet program.
Results:
A statistically significant correlation between saturated fatty acids (SFA) diet content and a negative correlation between the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and LDL cholesterol levels was observed. A positive correlation between omega 6 (n6)/omega 3 (n3) fatty acid ratio, and negative between glycemic load of diet and total cholesterol levels were found. The 10-year risk of CD was: high 3.75%, medium 12.5%, low 83.75%. Smoking was the most potent risk factor.
Conclusions:
The diets of the study group of HIV(+) patients should be properly balanced and require modifications of many nutritional habits. The effectiveness of treatment of HIV-infected patients may be strongly influenced by dietary intervention. Therefore it seems advisable to include a dietitian in the group of specialists who take care of these patients.
Metabolic syndrome has become an important issue affecting the long-term prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in the context of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to determine whether the amount and quality of dietary fats consumed had an effect on total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), the glycemic load had an effect on TG concentration, and quality of consumed fats had an impact on cardiovascular risk.
Material and methods:
80 HIV(+) patients treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were involved in the study. Information on the diet and eating habits was collected by 24-hour dietary recall and a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The analysis of nutritional value of the diet was made using the Food Processor diet program.
Results:
A statistically significant correlation between saturated fatty acids (SFA) diet content and a negative correlation between the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and LDL cholesterol levels was observed. A positive correlation between omega 6 (n6)/omega 3 (n3) fatty acid ratio, and negative between glycemic load of diet and total cholesterol levels were found. The 10-year risk of CD was: high 3.75%, medium 12.5%, low 83.75%. Smoking was the most potent risk factor.
Conclusions:
The diets of the study group of HIV(+) patients should be properly balanced and require modifications of many nutritional habits. The effectiveness of treatment of HIV-infected patients may be strongly influenced by dietary intervention. Therefore it seems advisable to include a dietitian in the group of specialists who take care of these patients.
REFERENCES (43)
1.
Flisiak R, Wiercińska-Drapało A, Bociąga-Jasik M, et al. Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected cohort of patients treated with protease inhibitors. HIV AIDS Rev 2015; 14: 22-27.
2.
Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-860.
3.
Parczewski M, Leszczyszyn-Pynka M, Boroń-Kaczmarska A, et al. Genetic background of the cardiovascular complications among HIV positive patients – preliminary report. HIV AIDS Rev 2007; 6: 28-31.
4.
Leszczyszyn-Pynka M, Pynka S. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in HIV-infected patients. HIV AIDS Rev 2006; 5: 28-30.
5.
Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murph MB, et al. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7-22.
6.
Dube MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 613-627.
7.
Kwiatkowska W, Bogdański P, Pulik P, et al. Postępowanie profilaktyczne, diagnostyczne i lecznicze w chorobach układu sercowo--naczyniowego u osób zakażonych HIV. In: Horban A, Podlasin R,Cholewińska G, et al. (eds.). Zasady opieki nad osobami zakażonymi HIV. Zalecenia PTN AIDS, Warszawa-Wrocław 2017, pp. 386-394.
8.
Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Cybulska B. Zaburzenia lipidowe. In: Jarosz M. Praktyczny podręcznik dietetyki. IŻŻ, Warszawa 2010, pp. 323-341.
9.
High serum cholesterol and high CHD mortality. Available at: http://www.sevencountriesstudy... (Accessed: 20.03.2018).
10.
Cross-cultural correlations (2018, March 20). Available at: http://www.sevencountriesstudy... (Acces-sed: 20.03.2018).
11.
Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrate on ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1146-1155.
12.
Howard BV, Hannah JS, Heiser CC, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids result in greater cholesterol lowering and less triacylglycerol elevation than do monounsaturated fatty acids in a dose-response comparison in a multiracial study group. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 392-402.
13.
Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med 2008; 233: 674-688.
14.
Tzima N, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Mediterranean diet and insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and blood pressure levels, in overweight and obese people: The Attica study. Lipids Health Dis 2007; 6: 22.
15.
Vasandi C, Kafrouni AI, Caronna A, et al. Upregulation of hepatic LDL transport by n-3 fatty acids in LDL receptor knock out mice. J Lipid Res 2002; 43: 772-784.
16.
Cichocka A. Dieta śródziemnomorska w profilaktyce pierwotnej choroby niedokrwiennej serca. Endokrynologia, Otyłość i Zaburzenia Przemiany Material 2005; 1: 30-39.
17.
Wolańska D, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L. Struktura spożycia kwasów tłuszczowych a profil lipidowy u osób z nadwagą i otyłością. Rocz PZH 2012; 63: 155-162.
18.
Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 2008; 118: 2047-2056.
19.
Roszkowski W, Chmara-Pawlińska R. Somatometria osób starszych jako wskaźnik stanu odżywienia. Roczn PZH 2003; 54: 399-408.
20.
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1635-1701.
21.
Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97: 1837-1847.
22.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. The distribution of 10-Year risk for coronary heart disease among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1791-1796.
23.
ESHA. The Food Processor Nutrition Analysis Software. Available at: http://www.esha.com/products/f... (Accessed: 20.03.2018).
24.
Bawadi H, Banks A, Tayyem R, et al. Meals served to hypertensive and cardiac inpatients in Jordan: comparison with WHO and NIH dietary guidelines. East Mediterr Health J 2016; 22: 27-32.
25.
Jarosz M. Normy żywienia dla populacji polskiej – nowelizacja. IŻŻ, Warszawa 2012.
26.
Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: report of a technical consultation. WHO, Geneva 2003.
27.
Andersen L, Anderssen S, Bachl N, et al. Wytyczne UE dotyczące aktywności ficzycznej. Brussels 2008.
28.
Tsiodras S, Mantzoros C, Hammer S, et al. Effects of protease inhibitors on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipodystrophy: a 5-year cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2050-2056.
29.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006; 114: 82-96.
30.
AHA. The Facts on Fats 50 Years of American Heart Association Dietary Fats Recommendations, 2015. Available at: http://www.heart.org/idc/group... (Accessed: 20.03.2018).
31.
Fernandez ML, West K. Mechanisms by which Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Plasma Lipids. J Nutr 2005; 135: 2075-2078.
32.
Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Cybulska B. Choroby metaboliczne. In: Jarosz M (ed.). Praktyczny Podręcznik Dietetyki. IŻŻ, Warszawa 2010.
33.
Mathews M, Liebenberg L, Mathews E. How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease? Nutr Metab 2015; 12: 6.
34.
Li H, Liu H, Chen J, et al. Relationship between glycemic load and blood lipid level in hospitalized adult Chinese. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44: 318-324.
35.
Leviatan B, Cook N, Stampfer M, et al. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, blood lipids, and C-reactive protein. Metabolism 2008; 57: 437-443.
36.
Venn BJ, Green TJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load: measurement issues and their effect on diet-disease relationships. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 Suppl 1: S122-131.
37.
Finley CE, Barlow C, Halton T, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the cooper center longitudinal study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110: 1820-1829.
38.
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington 2008.
39.
Silva RC, Diniz Mde F, Alvim S, et al. Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA-Brasil Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107: 10-19.
40.
Hard Coronary Heart Disease (10-year risk), 2017. Available at: https://www.framinghamheartstu... (Accessed: 20.03.2018).
41.
Harris WS. The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: uses and abuses. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8: 453-459.
42.
Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: Prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004). Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1617-1624.
43.
Setayeshgar S, Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H. Prevalence of 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and Associated Risks in Canadian Adults: The Contribution of Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment Introduction. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013: 276564.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1732-2707 |
| ISSN: | 1730-1270 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
