REVIEW PAPER
Relationship of oral candidiasis with salivary lysozyme and lactoferrin in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review
1
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Submission date: 2020-07-07
Final revision date: 2020-08-27
Acceptance date: 2020-09-01
Publication date: 2021-04-12
HIV & AIDS Review 2021;20(1):17-20
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Oral candidiasis is one of the main consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Saliva contains proteins that play a key role in the health of oral cavity. The aim of this review study was to investigate the relationship of oral candidiasis with salivary lysozyme and lactoferrin in patients with HIV infection. In this systematic review study, all articles with English abstract were searched with the keywords of “Oral Candidiasis” or “Candida” and “Saliva” and “HIV” or “AIDS” and “Lysozyme” and “Lactoferrin” from the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases from 1990 until April 2020. Amongst the 16 articles obtained after reviewing the abstracts, 13 appropriate articles were included in this study. In 11 studies, the relationship between salivary lactoferrin and oral candidiasis was investigated, 54% of which showed an increase in salivary lactoferrin in HIV-positive patients with candidiasis. Eight studies examined the relationship between salivary lysozyme and oral candidiasis, 63% of which showed no association. Understanding numerous factors and conditions involved in candida cloning would be broadly related to increasing our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and host defense factors. The results of our study could be useful in diagnosing and designing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections in HIV-positive patients. In addition to anti-fungal properties, non-toxicity to human cells could lead to lactoferrin being used in the future as a drug to prevent and treat fungal infections in patients with immunity difficulties.
REFERENCES (37)
3.
Differential recovery of Candida species from subgingival sites in human immunodeficiency virus positive and healthy children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5925-5927.
4.
Samaranayake LP, Fidel PL, Naglik JR, et al. Fungal infections associated with HIV infection. Oral Dis 2002; 8: 151-160.
5.
Giuseppina C, Giuseppe P, Maria EM. Candidal carriage in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002; 93: 281-286.
6.
Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13: 4295-4320.
7.
Wiesner J, Vilcinskas A. Antimicrobial peptides: the ancient arm of the human immune system. Virulence 2010; 1: 440-464.
8.
Ibrahim HR, Thomas U, Pellegrini A. A helix-loop-helix peptide at the upper lip of the active site cleft of lysozyme confers potent anti-.
9.
microbial activity with membrane permabilization action. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 43767-43774.
10.
Marquis G, Garzon S, Strykowski H, Auger P. Cell walls of normal and lysozyme damaged blastoconidia of Candida albicans: localization of surface factor 4 antigens and vicinal-glycol staining. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 1312-1318.
11.
Farnaud S, Evans RW. Lactoferrin – multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties. Mol Immunol 2003; 40: 395-405.
12.
Verma N, Patil R, Khanna V, Singh V, Tripathi A. Evaluation of salivary flow rate and gustatory function in HIV-positive patients with or without highly active antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Dent 2017; 11: 226-231.
13.
Muller F, Holberg-Petersen M, Rollag H, Degre M, Brandtzaeg P, Froland SS. Nonspecific oral immunity in individuals with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 46-51.
14.
Lourenço AG, Nakao C, Machado AA, et al. Lactoferrin, a marker for periodontal disease. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11: 220-225.
16.
Fox PC. Elevation of salivary antimicrobial proteins following HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990; 3: 41-48.
18.
Kindo A, Ganesan N. Oral candidal carriage, salivary lysozyme levels, and their relationship with CD4 count in HIV-infected patients. J Investig Clin Dent 2016; 7: 81-86.
19.
Ferreira SM, Gonçalves LS, Torres SR, Nogueira SA, Meiller TF. Lactoferrin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis. J Investig Clin Dent 2015; 6: 16-24.
20.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097.
21.
Boudin F, Nie JY, Bartlett JC, Grad R, Pluye P, Dawes M. Combining classifiers for robust PICO element detection. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2010; 10: 29.
22.
Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-.
24.
Alves TP, Simões AC, Soares RM, Moreno DS, Portela MB, Castro GF. Salivary lactoferrin in HIV-infected children: correlation with Candida albicans carriage, oral manifestations, HIV infection and its antifungal activity. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59: 775-782.
25.
Laibe S, Biichlé S, Clair S, et al. Increase in lactoferrin and lysozyme local synthesis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis: role of the innate mucosal immunity? Journal de Mycologie Médicale 2005; 15: 69-76.
26.
Namikoshi S, Ohshima T, Chiba H, Maeda N. Relationship between oral Candida and salivary antimicrobial proteins in HIV-positive individuals. Journal of Tokyo Medical University 2004; 62: 625-634.
27.
Bard E, Laibe S, Clair S, et al. Nonspecific secretory immunity in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31: 276-284.
28.
Lin AL, Johnson DA, Patterson TF, et al. Salivary anticandidal activity and saliva composition in an HIV-infected cohort. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 16: 270-278.
29.
Van Der Strate BWA, Harmsen MC, The TH, et al. Plasma lactoferrin levels are decreased in end-stage AIDS patients. Viral Immunol 1999; 12: 197-203.
30.
Tsang C, Samaranayake L. Salivary lysozyme and related parameters of a predominantly Chinese, HIV-infected cohort in Hong Kong. Oral Dis 1999; 5: 241-246.
31.
Mandel ID, Barr CE, Turgeon L. Longitudinal study of parotid saliva in HlV-1 infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21: 209-213.
33.
Farah CS, Elahi S, Pang G, et al. T cells augment monocyte and neutrophil function in host resistance against oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 6110-6118.
34.
Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Mucosal immunology of HIV infection. Immunol Rev 2013; 254: 10-33.
35.
Kuipers ME, de Vries HG, Eikelboom MC, Meijer DKF, Swart PJ. Synergistic fungistatic effects of lactoferrin in combination with antifungal drugs against clinical candida isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2635-2641.
36.
Naidu AS, Fowler RS, Martinez C, Chen J, Tulpinski J. Activated lactoferrin and fluconazole synergism against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata vaginal isolates. J Reprod Med 2004; 49: 800-807.
37.
Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP, Pow EH, Beena VT, Yeung KW. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected southern Chinese cohort. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3296-3302.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1732-2707 |
| ISSN: | 1730-1270 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
